grammer
The Past Perfect Tense
¨had + PP يتكون من :
1- يستخدم الماضي التام ليصف حدث وقع قبل حدث آخر في الماضي:
¨When I got home, my mother had finished cooking.
= First my mother finished cooking. Then I arrived home.
Notice the difference between this pair of sentence:
¨When I arrived at the station, the train left..
= I arrived, then the train left.
¨When I arrived at the station, the train had left.
= The train left before I arrived.
2- يستخدم الماضي التام غالبا مع كلمات مثل:
after / before / when / as soon as / no sooner / till / until
● As soon as I had seen her, I knew there was something wrong.
●After he had read the report, he went to bed.
¨لاحظ أنه يمكن أيضا استخدام الماضي البسيط بدلا من الماضي التام بعد after/as soon as :
¨As soon as I saw the robber, I tried to catch him.
¨لاحظ أن after / before / when / as soon as يمكن أن تأتي في وسط الجملة أو بدايتها:
¨Before he saw the film, he tidied/had tidied the room.
¨He tidied / had tidied the room before he saw the film.
¨لاحظ استخدام comma بين الجملتين إذا بدأت الجملة بالروابط السابقة:
After + فاعل + ماضي تام = Having + PP
After he had done = Having done
● He worked in a restaurant after he had left school.
Having left school, he worked in a restaurant.
● As soon as they had arrived, we phoned them.
Having arrived, we phoned them.
¨ في حالة عدم وجود فاعل بعد after / before / when نستخدم v.+ing:
¨ يمكن استخدام اسم بعد after / before:
● After his father’s death, he left the country.
= After his father had died, he left the country.
¨ لاحظ استخدام by the time في الماضي:
● The phone was ringing but by the time she got indoors, it had stopped.
¨ بصفة عامة عندما يكون الفعلان مع when في الماضي البسيط فان الفعل الذي يليها هو الذي حدث أولا:
● When the play ended, the audience went home.
● When he opened the window, the bird flew out.
¨ أحيانا تستخدم on بدلا من when ويأتي بعدها الفعل مضافا له : ing
● When she saw the snake, she screamed.
On seeing the snake, she screamed.
● First he passed the test. Then he got the license.
Before he got the license, he had passed the test.
¨ تأتي till/ until في وسط الجملة و قبلها الماضي البسيط (غالبا منفي) و بعدها الماضي التام:
¨Before he left, I had given him permission.
He didn’t leave until I had given him permission.
¨After she had typed the letter, she posted it.
She didn’t post the letter until she had typed it.
¨ لا يكون الماضي البسيط قبل till/until دائما منفي بل قد تكون الجملة أحيانا مثبتة :
¨He stayed in bed until half past nine.
¨ أحيانا يستخدم الماضي التام بعد because بشرط أن تكون الجملة في الماضي والحدث بعد because هو الذي حدث أولا:
¨Because he had been in prison, employers were unwilling to offer him a job.
¨ He looked tired yesterday because he had slept badly the night before.
¨ Leila was late for school because the bus had broken down.
¨He was angry because she had insulted him.
¨ يستخدم الماضي التام مع الكلمات الدالة علي المضارع التام إذا كان في الجملة ماضي بسيط:
for / ever / never / already / yet / just
-
The film has already started. (present perfect)
¨ في الجملة السابقة استخدمنا المضارع التام لوجود فعل واحد مع already:
-
The film had already started when I arrived. (past perfect)
¨ ولاحظ الفرق أيضا بين الجملتين الآتيتين:
The man sitting next to me on the plane is nervous. He has never flown before.
The man sitting next to me on the plane was nervous. He had never flown before.
More Examples:
§ When I met him, he hadn’t finished his homework yet.
§ When I arrived home, my father had just left.
§ It was the best novel I had ever read.
§ The house was dirty. They hadn’t cleaned it yet.
¨ ويستخدم الماضي التام أيضا في غير المباشر:
¨She said she had seen the film the night before.
¨ وهذه الجملة كانت أصلا ماضي بسيط في المباشر وحولناه إلي الماضي التام في غير المباشر:
¨She said, “I saw the film last night.”
¨ لاحظ استخدام الماضي التام بعد By then ومعناها قبل ذلك الوقت:
¨He arrived home at 11 o’clock yesterday. By then, the rain had stopped.
¨ ويستخدم الماضي التام بعد wish للتعبير عن التمني في الماضي:
¨I wish I had worked harder last year.
¨ ويستخدم الماضي التام أيضا بعد if في الحالة الثالثة:
¨If she hadn’t called, I wouldn’t have known.
¨ لاحظ استخدام الماضي التام مع:
-
She left the house. She was run over by a car.
She had no sooner left the house than she was run over by a car.
-
He entered the office. His boss shouted at him.
He had hardly entered the office when his boss shouted at him.
إذا بدأت الجملة بإحدى الكلمات السابقة ، تكون الجملة علي شكل سؤال:
-
She left the house. She was run over by a car.
No sooner had she left the house than she was run over by a car.
¨وفي حالة المبني للمجهول نستخدم:
Had been + PP
¨He said that he had cleaned the room.
He said that the room had been cleaned.
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
¨ويتكون من:
Had been + v+ing
¨ويستخدم الماضي التام المستمر ليعبر عن حدث استمر لفترة في الماضي قبل وقوع حدث آخر ويستخدم عادة مع when/since / for/ all day / all weekend :
¨ويأتي عادة مع أفعال يمكن أن تستغرق فترة طويلة مثل wait / do / study / live / work / stay / play / watch / sleep / paint / read / write / talk / run / walk / travel, ..etc:
1) I had been studying my lessons when suddenly I heard a loud noise.
2) He had been painting the wall when suddenly he fell off the ladder.
3) When I met him, he had been working for two hours.
4) They had been waiting for an hour before the train arrived.
5) What had he been doing when the accident happened?
6) He was tired because he had been working since dawn.
7) He was covered in paint. He had been painting the room since we left.
8) Our game of tennis was interrupted. We had been playing for an hour when it started to rain.
¨لاحظ أن هناك أفعال لا تستخدم في الأزمنة المستمرة عموما ومنها الماضي التام المستمر (راجع الوحدة الأولي):
-
We were good friends. We had known each other for 10 years.
¨ومن الخطأ استخدام الماضي التام المستمر في الجملة السابقة.
¨كما لا يستخدم الماضي التام المستمر مع الأفعال التي لا تستغرق عادة فترة طويلة في حدوثها مثل break down / stop / close / open/ end / finish وفي هذه الحالة نستخدم الماضي التام:
-
She was late for the meeting because her car had broken down.
¨إذا ذكرنا مرات حدوث الفعل لا يستخدم الماضي التام المستمر بل نستخدم الماضي التام:
-
When I met Ahmed, he had finished typing 3 reports.
Choose the correct answer:
1) There were floods because it (had been raining – has been raining – was raining – rains) for three days.
2) By the time he was 12, my brother (learnt – had learnt – has learnt – learns) 3 languages.
3) When I went to my friend’s flat, she (already left – has already left – had already left) for school.
4) Last year, I spent a month in France. I (dream – had dreamt – has dreamt – was dreaming) of going there since I was a child.
5) Leila and her husband (move – have moved –moved – had been moving) into their own flat last weekend. Before that they had lived with Leila’s parents.
6) Karim fell asleep during the football match because he (had gone – has gone – was going – is going) to bed late the night before.
7) Ali ate a sandwich during the game because he (wasn’t having – had not had – doesn’t have – won’t have) enough time to eat before it started.
8) Hassan (borrows – has borrowed – borrowed – was borrowing) money from Ali because he had left his money at home.
9) Adel asked which team was red because he (doesn’t see – hasn’t seen – can’t see – had not seen) these teams before.
10)Jack knew Steve was at the match because Steve (had phoned – phones – was phoning – would phone) him before he went.
Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences then write them correctly:
1) After his father had died, the mother doesn’t send her son to school. didnot
2) By the time Ahmed was 20, his father has spent all his money. had
3) He finds works as a secretary to someone who had been a friend of his father’s. found
4) They discovered that Dumas has been employing other people to write for him. had
5) Before he wrote his novels, he has written plays. Had
6) His father probably died young because he has spent time in prison. Had
7) The man Dumas works for in Paris, had known his father. worked
8) He was a successful writer when people realized that his books had written by other people. Had been written
9) Dumas checked what his assistants have written. had
10)When he dies in 1870, his son had been looking after his finances for a few years. Died
Language Functions:
Offering Help
| Replies to Offers
|
Is there anything I can do to help?
| That’s very kind of you.
|
Would you like me to…?
| Would you mind?
|
If you like, I could … for you.
| Thanks very much
|
Shall I …for you?
| That’s great.
|
Let me …
| I’d really appreciate that. Thanks.
|
Important Sentences
1. Famous artists sometimes had assistants to help them.
2. Shakespeare is one of the world’s most famous playwrights.
3. My uncle works, as a maths lecturer at the university in Alexandria.
4. I really object to people using mobile phones in the library.
5. After five years’ imprisonment, the criminal wanted to live as an honest man.
6. I’m very interested in the past. That’s why I like historical novels.
7. Accountants help people with their finances.
8. Some of Edmond’s friends accused him of something he had not done.
9. They were envious of him because he was happy and successful.
10. Edmond was planning to get married to his fiancée.
11. After he was arrested, Edmond was sent to prison for life.
12. Edmond escaped from prison and found Faria’s hidden treasure.
13. Edmond objected to his friends’ accusations.
14. Edmond rescued Valentine from her cruel family.
15. After the earthquake, the village was not recognizable.
16. Some of his accusers were his best friends. That’s why he was so disappointed.
17.She is so clever that she is in the enviable situation of being able to choose her university.
18. He looked at the old man with no sign of recognition.
19. My little brother looked with envy at my new computer game.
20. The spy was accused of treason and taken to court.
21. He was found guilty and was sentenced to life imprisonment.
22. He was found innocent and set free.
23. By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.
24. When I went to my friend’s flat, she had already left for school.
25. Last year, I spent a month in France. I had dreamt of going there since I was a child.
26. Leila and her husband moved into their own flat last weekend. Before that, they had lived with Leila’s parents.
27. My father retired last week. He had worked for the same company all his life.
28. Karim fell asleep during the football match because he had gone to bed late the night before.
29. Ali ate a sandwich during the game because he had not had enough time to eat before it started.
30. Hassan borrowed money from Ali because he had left his money at home.
31. Adel asked which team was red because he had not seen these teams before.
32. Paul had been looking for work for over a year before he got a job.
33. The little children’s clothes were dirty because they had been playing in the park all day.
34. He had been driving for only 3 weeks, so it is not surprising that he failed his driving test.
35. I went to the doctor’s yesterday evening because I had been feeling ill for nearly a week.
36. The children were covered in sand when they got home. They had been playing on the beach.
37. Hamdi was very tired yesterday evening because he had been revising for a school test all day.
[url=http://cairodar.youm7.com/flashes/PDFfiles/english unit 11.pdf] To Download Lesson in PDF … Click here[/url]
الأربعاء نوفمبر 13, 2024 2:57 pm من طرف 
موضوع: انجليزى – unit 11 للصف الثالث الثانوى 2016 
