انجليزى – unit 7 للصف الثالث الثانوى 2016

Unit 7  

Building and engineering

Egypt has many amazing works of engineering, both ancient and modern.  At the south of Aswan, for example, Abu Simbel is the site of two temples which were carved into a cliff in about 1250 BCE.  The larger temple was positioned so that at certain times of the year, the rays of the rising sun would illuminate the statues of Ptah, Amun-Re, Ramses II and Re-Horakhty

In 1954, the government decided to build the Aswan High Dam.  This meant that the Nile Valley would be flooded and that Abu Simbel itself would be under water.  It was unthinkable that Egypt should lose one of its most important monuments, so plans were made to rescue it

The massive statues were cut into pieces which weighed over 30 tonnes each.  These were raised over 60 metres up the cliff, where they were attached to a concrete base.  The work took thousands of workers and more than three years to complete.  Today, the temples, which were re-opened in 1968, are an amazing combination of ancient and modern engineering

Many years after the building of Abu Simbel, China had a different problem which was solved by another great engineering project.  Many years ago, enemies were attacking the rich towns of northern China.  The emperor decided to keep the attackers out, so work on the Great Wall of China began in 220 BCE and continued for hundreds of years.  Eventually, the wall reached a length of 6,400 km.  It is the longest structure ever built and was all made without machines.  Its five-meter width is wide enough for soldiers to ride along on horses to stop attackers from climbing over the wall

:Vocabulary

Words that go together

:Language Notes

يسافر يوميا الي مكان العمل ومنه    …    commute from .. to ..  / commute between .. and

يُخفف العقوبة   commute

يسافر أو السفر عموما     travel

يذكر شخص بشيء     ¨Remind someone to do something / Remind someone of something

يتذكر    Remember         =   يتذكر عن               ¨remember about 

يتذكر      I can’t remember her name

.Please, remind me to bring my camera

   بلغ تحياتي إلى الأسرة   .He reminded me of my promise.  Remember me to your family

¨لاحظ الاختصارات الآتية :

قبل العصر المسيحي (قبل الميلاد)     (¨BCE = Before the Christian Era = BC (Before Christ

بعد الميلاد      (¨CE =Common Era / the Christian Era = AD (Anno Domini

:Words often confused

 يفقد / يضيع / يخسر      (¨lose (v

 فقدان / خسارة     ¨loss

   غير محكم / غير مثبت جيدا / مفكوك     ¨loose

يضيء / ينير     ¨illuminate            يمحو / يزيل / يستبعد / يهزم                       ¨eliminate

.The streets were illuminated with coloured lights

.Our team was eliminated in the first round

.We should try to eliminate illiteracy in Egypt

 حجم            ¨Size                                    قُطر           ¨Diameter

  .I was amazed at the size of their garden

  .The diameter of the Earth is about 13,000 km

  يعرف   ¨Know = have information about something

   .There are instructions telling you everything you need to know

   .I have known him for years

 يتعرف علي / يعترف بـ (رسمياً)    ¨recognize

  .I didn’t recognize you in your uniform

   .British medical qualifications are recognized in Canada

يستمع أو يصغي بانتباه      Listen to

          يسمع بدون قصد          Hear

    ¨He listened to the news on the radio

    ¨She heard some noise outside

    ¨Raise your voice, please. I can’t hear you

يكلف     Cost

يدفع      Pay

  يفرض أو يطلب ثمنا    Charge

?How much does a house like that cost in America

?Can I pay by credit card

.The restaurant charged us 40 pounds for the meal

هام من الناحية التاريخية       historic

هام من الناحية التاريخية / مرتبط بدراسة التاريخ    historical

     آثار تاريخية     Historic / historical monuments

   أبحاث في التاريخ        Historical research

:Exercises on Vocabulary and Language Notes

.The factory plans to (resist – arrest - invest – detest) in new computers

.The rock was cut (into – with – of – at) a rectangular shape

.The quickest way to get to the city centre is to (come – do – travel – take) an underground train

.Some people (communicate – commute – complain – compete) long distances while others work close to home

.A journey on the underground (costs – pays – gives – makes) one pound

:Find the mistake in each of the following sentences then write it correctly

The explosion made a passive hole in the ground.           massive

The funnel goes under the Nile.                                          tunnel

The government has made a plan to rise taxes.                 raise

The earth is discriminated by the sun.                            illuminated

Keep away from the edge of the stiff – you might fall.        Cliff

grammar

 الاستنتاج   Making deductions

في حالة التعبير عن الاستنتاج في المضارع نستخدم:

                                       I am certain that he isn’t clever                             must -

                                             He can’t be cleve                                                      can’t -

may     + inf

                                        Perhaps she speaks German well                              might

                                           She may speak German well                                       could

¨أحيانا يمكن أن تعبر الجملة عن الاستمرار وفي هذه الحالة نستخدم:

                                         What is Ali doing in his room?                                      Must

                                           I’m not sure. He may be studying.                               Can’t

           What is Linda doing?                                           ay    + be + V+ing

                                           She must be working on her computer.                       Might

could

¨في حالة الاستنتاج في الماضي:

تعبر عن استنتاج مثبت مؤكد في الماضي     ¨Must have + PP

تعبر عن استنتاج منفي مؤكد في الماضي   ¨Can’t have + PP

تعبر عن شيء ممكن أو محتمل في الماضي   ¨May have + PP

تعبر عن شيء أقل احتمالا في الحدوث       ¨Might have + PP

¨could have + PP.  = may have / might have + PP

¨واذا كانت الجملة تعبر عن الاستمرار نستخدم:

                                                        What was he doing in the early morning?                           Must have

                                                              He must have been doing the exercises.                               Can’t have

                             The light was on in his room after midnight                      May have       + been + V+ing

                       He must have been studying.                                                 Might have 

could have  

  .The streets are wet. It must have rained last night

   .He was here a minute ago. He can’t have gone too far

   .He doesn’t get the same train any more. He may have changed his job

(=Perhaps he changed his job)

   .(I haven’t seen Melissa for ages. She might have moved. (=Perhaps she moved

¨ يمكن استخدام  could  بدلا من   may / might :

¨ و يمكن أن تعبر  could have + PP أيضا عن شيء كان من الممكن حدوثه ولكنه لم يحدث:

¨Could have + PP

   (He hasn’t visited us for a long time. He could have been busy. (= He may/might have been busy

   .He was able to do the job but he didn’t

      .He could have done the job

Question tags

¨السؤال المضاف للجملة معناه دائمـا “أليس كذلك؟”

¨السؤال يكون عكس الجملة في الإثبات و النفي.      

¨ في السؤال المضاف للجملة نستخدم دائما ضمير فاعل.

?Atef is a student, isn’t he?                     · Sara hasn’t got any money, has she

¨لاحظ الحالات الشاذة الآتية:

¨ تعبر   let’s  عن الاقتراح أما   let us  فتعبر عن طلب الإذن:

?Let’s go, shall we

?Let us stay here, will you

¨ في حالة وجـود  am   نستخدم في السؤال  aren’t  وفي حالة وجود  am not  نستخدم am:

?I am a teacher, aren’t I

?I am not a lawyer, am I

¨ لاحظ أن الكلمات   everyone / someone / everybody / somebody / no one/ nobody  يأتي بدلا منها في السؤال  they:

?Everyone has done the homework, haven’t they

?Everybody’s at the match, aren’t they

?Nobody saw the robbers, did they
 

 الكلمات  something / everything / nothing   يأتي بدلا منها في السؤال  it:

?Something has happened, hasn’t it

¨الكلمات الآتية تعبر عن النفي ولذلك يكون السؤال مثبت:

seldom / never / scarcely / neither / little / few / hardly / rarely / no longer

?He no longer comes early, does he

?There’s hardly any food, is there

¨في حالة الأمر المنفي نستخدم في السؤال  will you :

?Don’t open the door, will you

¨ في حالة الأمر المثبت نستخدم عادة  won’t you   و يمكن أيضا استخدام will you:

?Close that door, won’t you

¨ لاحظ أن الجمل التي تبدأ بـ I think / I believe يكون السؤال المذيل على الجزء الثاني ولكن الجملة التي تبدأ بـ I don’t think/I

don’t believe تعتبر منفية:

?I think Hala will win the race, won’t she

?I don’t think they are lazy, are they

¨ لاحظ أننـا دائما نستخدم الاختصار في السؤال: don’t/didn’t/doesn’t/isn’t

¨في حالة وجود   have  كفعل أساسي يمكن استخدام  have أو do  في السؤال:

He has a car, doesn’t he? (OR : hasn’t he?)

¨لاحظ استخدام Question tag   مع التعبيرات الآتية :

?You’d better leave, hadn’t you

?You’d rather go, wouldn’t you

¨لاحظ استخدام there   في السؤال المضاف للجملة :

?There isn’t any milk in the fridge, is there

¨لاحظ استخدام it   بدلا من  this / that  في السؤال :

?This is not right, is it

¨في حالة وجود IF   يكون السؤال علي الجزء الثاني من الجملة(جواب الشرط) :

?If she doesn’t have a map, she’ll get lost, won’t she

¨في حالة وجود أكثر من فعل مساعد في الجملة نستخدم أول فعل مساعد في السؤال :

?They should have come earlier, shouldn’t they
 

:Grammar Exercises

:Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d

.He (must have – can’t have – didn’t have – can have) missed his train. He’s usually late

.His watch (must have – might have – could have – can’t have) cost a lot of money. It’s made of plastic

It (can’t have – will have – must have – didn’t have) been very windy during the night. There are branches all over the ground

.Tunnelling under the Nile (must have – may have – can’t have – might have) been easy. I’m sure it was difficult

My father (didn’t have – won’t have – shall have – must have) walked to work this morning. His car is still in the garage

:Find the mistake in each of the following sentences then write it correctly

 He can’t be rich. He owns two cars and a large house.                          must

  He must be ill. He eats like a horse.                                                         Can’t

  You’ve been travelling all day. You can’t be tired.                                 must

   Ali hasn’t contacted me. He mustn’t have got my message.                Can’t

   She must be here. I know for certain that she’s away on holiday.     Can’t

Language to deduce information

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