المراجعة النهائية فى مادة الكيمياء لغات - الجزء السادس

المراجعة النهائية فى مادة الكيمياء لغات - الجزء السادس



We add strong acid on catalytic hydration of ethylene
To increase the concentration of hydrogen ion so double bond can be broken

1,2 dichloro ethane is not formed when vinyl chloride reacts with HCl
According to markownikoff's rule

Cyclopropane is more reactive than normal propane
Because the angle between bonds in C3H6 and C4H8 are less than 109o this lead to weak overlap between atomic orbitals so the bond between carbon atoms is weak so they are active

Ethyne gas is passed in copper sulphate solution before collecting
To get rid of impurities such ad H2S –PH3

Nitration of chloro benzene gives two products while chloronation of nitrobenzene gives one product
Because nitration of chloro benzene gives ortho and para nitrochloro benzene while chloronation of nitrobenzene gives metachloro nitrobenzene

Sometimes ethyne burns with a smoky flame
Because in limited amount of oxygen it gives carbon (smoke)

Halothane is preferred than chloroform as anesthetic substance
Because halothane is more safety than chloroform which causes death with incorrect dose

Phenol does not react with hydrogen chloride while ethanol reacts
Because phenol has acidic effect while ethanol is neutral

Cone. sulphuric acid is added in ester formation and nitration
To absorb water and prevent reversible reaction

Boiling point of glycerol is higher than that of ethylene glycol
Because it has more hydroxyl group

Reaction of ethanol with H2S04 is temperature dependent
Because it gives different results in different temperatures

Ethanol can be considered as a petrochemical compound
Because we can get it from petroleum product ( Ethene)

The boiling points of acids are higher than those of corresponding alcohols
Because 2 molecules of acids have 2 hydrogen bond while in alcohols have one
They are saturated compounds

Using soda lime in preparing methane is preferred than caustic soda
Because soda lime contains CaO which reduces the melting point

Teflon is used in manufacture of surgical threads
Because Teflon is inert

Structure of benzene takes several years
Because it reacts by substitution , addition and its bonds in between double and single bond

Compare between
Matter waves and electromagnetic waves
Matter waves Electromagnetic waves
Its speed not equal speed of light Its speed equal speed of light
Waves are not separated from the body Waves are separated from the body

Orbit of Bohr and orbital of Schrodinger
Orbit orbital
Concept of Bohr Concept of modern atomic theory
Certain way around the nucleus Certain region around the nucleus

Probility of find electron

Probility of find electron

Lanthanides and actinides
Lanthanides Actinides
Found in period 6 Found in period 7
Sublevel 4f is filled successfully Sublevel 5f is filled successfully
Rare earth Radioactive elements

Electron affinity and electronegativity
Electron affinity Elctronegativity
Energy released when gaining electron Attraction of electron of the bond
In single atom In combine atom
Its unit joule or calorie Unitless number

Hydrogen bond and covalent bond
Covalent bond Hydrogen bond
Occurs between two nonmetals Occurs between two molecules
Strong Weak
Short Long

1- Sigma bond and pi bond
Sigma bond Pi bond
Overlapping head by head Overlapping side by side
Collinear Collateral
Strong Weak

Methane, ethylene and acetylene in the view of:
i) type of hybridization
ii) the angle
iii) the shape
iv) type and no. of bonds between carbon atoms

Point Methane Ethane(ethylene) Ethyne(acetylene)
H
H C H
H H H
C = C
H H
H C = C H

Hybridization Sp3 Sp2 sp
Angle 109 120 180
shape Tetrahedron pyramid Planar triangle Linear
Bonds between carbon 4 sigma 1sigma – 1 pi 1 sigma – 2 pi

1- Blast furnace , Midrex furnace and oxygen converter
Comparison Blast furnace Midrex furnace Oxygen converter
Charge Ore+coke + lime stone Ore + methane Molten pig iron
Reducing agent CO CO + H2 Impurities
Oxidizing agent Ore Ore Oxygen
Result Pig iron Spongy iron Steel