المراجعة النهائية فى مادة الكيمياء لغات - الجزء الثالث

المراجعة النهائية فى مادة الكيمياء لغات - الجزء الثالث



Write the scientific term

Electrons occupy sublevel in the order of increasing their energy.
Aufbau(building up) principle

No pairing of electron takes place in a sublevel until each orbital contains one electron.
Hund's rule

The electron is a particle and it has wave properties.
Dual nature of the electron

Region of space around the nucleus where the electron most probable exists.
Electron cloud ( orbital )

The amount of energy released when an extra electron is added to neutral gaseous atom
Electron affinity

Elements whose valence shell has less than half capacity of electrons
Metals

The process of loosing electrons associated with increasing oxidation number.
Oxidation

An ion formed by combination of positive hydrogen ion with water molecule
Hydroxonium ion

Carbon atom contains four unpaired electrons
Excited carbon atom

The electronic geometry and common hybridization resulting from mixing one of s orbital and two of p orbitals from the valence shell
( sp2 )

Method used to prepare ammonia in industry.
Haber's method

A fertilizer provides the soil by two essential elements nitrogen and phosphorus
Ammonium phosphate

Compounds where hydrogen has oxidation number equals -1
Metal hydrides

Elements in which the energy sublevels d are filled successively by electrons
Main transition elements

A process of converting fine particles of iron ore into large particles
Sintering

Heating iron ore strongly in the air
Roasting

Mixing two or more elements to get certain characters
Alloy

Measuring the amount of reagent of known concentration (standard solution) that is completely consumed by analyte
Titration

The change in the concentration of the reactants or products per unit time
Rate of the chemical reactions

The minimum amount of energy must be gained by a molecule to reacts at collision
Activation energy

The negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration –log[H3O+]
pH value

The equilibrium arising between molecules of weak electrolyte and the ions resulting from it
Ionic equilibrium

Kind of electric cells from which we can obtain electric current as a result of spontaneous oxidation reduction reaction
Galvanic cell

The quantity of formed or consumed material at any electrode is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passes in electrolytic solution
Faraday's first law

The quantity of electricity when it passes for one second in solution of silver ions
Ampere

All organic compounds are formed inside living cells by the effect of vital force
Vital force theory

The formula which shows the number and the kind of the atoms in the molecule
Molecular formula

The formula which shows the number and the kind of the atoms and also it shows the type of linkage between atoms in the molecule
Structural formula

More than one compound have the same molecular formula but have different structural formula (so they have different physical and chemical properties)
Isomerism

A method used to give name of organic compound depends on the longest chain of carbon
IUPAC system

They have the same general formula, the same chemical properties and graduated in physical ones
Homologous series

Group of atoms attached the compound and give it certain character
Factional group

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Acetic acid freezes at 16oc forming solid substance similar to ice
Glacial acetic acid

Importance of some elements and compounds
Substance Importance
Black carbon Car tiers- panting – polishes – printing ink
Phosphprus Rat poison-fertilizers – fire works- matches -alloys
Antimony Dyes – antimonial-lead alloy
Glycerol Creams – cosmetics-textile –explosives
Titanium Making rockets and supersonic aircrafts
Phenol In making polymers – dyes- salicylic acid – picric acid
Vanadium In making alloys – oxidizing agent
Citric acid Retain the colour and taste of fruits
Salicylic acid Cosmetics – treatment headache - aspirin
Chromium Making steel – plating metals –heating coils
Cobalt In secrete inck – climatic predication

What is meant by

Element
Pure simple substance that cannot be changed into simpler one by traditional chemical methods


Heisenberg uncertainty principle
Determination both speed and location of the electron at the same time practically is impossible

Quantum
Amount of energy absorbed or emitted when an electron is transferred from one energy level to another

Ionization potential
Amount of energy needed to remove the most loosely bound electron from isolated gaseous atom

Atomic radius
Half the distance between the nuclei of two similar bonded atoms

Metalloids
A group of elements have a metallic appearance and most properties of nonmetals