احياء لغات The Skeletal System in Man للصف الثالث الثانوى 2016
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هنا جلال المدير
عدد المساهمات : 24470 نقاط : 64474 السٌّمعَة : 8 تاريخ التسجيل : 18/12/2012
موضوع: احياء لغات The Skeletal System in Man للصف الثالث الثانوى 2016 الجمعة نوفمبر 20, 2015 5:08 pm
احياء لغات The Skeletal System in Man للصف الثالث الثانوى 2016
The Skeletal System in Man
GR) The vertebral column is considered the main axis ? Because
.The skeleton of Man consists of an axis called the vertebral column attached at its upper end with the skull -
.The vertebral column is also connected to -
.The thoracic cage and the fore limbs through the shoulder bone *
The lower limbs through the pelvis bones. The skeleton can be divided into axial and appendicular skeleton *
2. The appendicular skeleton:
1. The axial skeleton
v Includes pectoral girdle, fore (upper) limbs,
v pelvic girdle, and hind (lower limbs)
vIncludes the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage
The vertebral column
Consists of 33 vertebrae in the form of
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
Number
7
12
5
5
4
Size
Moderate in size
Larger than cervical
Biggest vertebra
Broad&
Flat
Smallest
vertebra
Properties
Free
Free
Free
Fused to a single structure
Fused Together
The structure of the vertebra
Each vertebra consists of
The Bony ring
Centrum
(formed of two neural arches)
vIs attached to the centrum Posterior
vHas bony process directed downwards called neural spine
It is the anterior thick part.
Laterally :- Attached to two transverse processes
Posteriorly:- Attached to a bony ring
It is a bony case that consists of
1.(Posterior part (cerebral part
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[*]
(Anterior part (Facial part
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That consists of 8 serrated bones connected together at their periphery through sutures and
Its posterior contains a big foramen through which the spinal cord is connected to the brain
That includes
Facial bones -
The two jaws -
The positions of sense organs (ears, eyes, and nose).
The thoracic cage
A case, slightly conical in shape, connected
Posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae -
Anteriorly to the sternum -
(What is meant by sternum? (a flat bone pointed at its lower part which is cartilaginous -
The thoracic cage consists of 12 pairs of ribs, all of them are connected to the vertebral column posteriorly -
But only 10 pairs are connected to the sternum -
The remaining 2pairs are called floating ribs, which are short and do not reach the sternum -
The rib:- is a curved bone attached posteriorly to the centrum of a vertebra and its transverse process
-:Function of ribs
During inspiration, the ribs move anteriorly and laterally to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity and vice versa during expiration
Second – The Appendicular Skeleton
The pectoral girdle and the fore limbs
The pectoral girdle consists of two identical halves -
,Each half consists of scapula which is a triangular bone, Itsinner end is broad and -
The outer end is pointed and has a process attached to the clavicle, which is a thin bone -
At the outer end of the scapula, there is a glenoid cavity through which articulation with the fore limb takes place forming the shoulder
joint
Each fore limb consists of
a- Upper arm
Upper arm supported by one bone called humerus
b- lower arm
vLower arm supported by two bones which are radius and ulna.
vThe upper part of the ulna has a depression inside which the inner projection of the humerus fits.
vThe radius is smaller in size and can rotate around the fixed ulna.
c- The wrist
The wrist consists of 8 bones called carpals present in 2 rows.
vTheir upper ends are attached to the lower part of the radius.
vWhile their lower ends are attached to the bones of the hand (palm).
d- The palm
The palm which consists of long thin bones called metacarpals followed by five digitseach is made of 3 bones called phalanges except the thumb which consists of 2 phalanges only
The pelvic girdle and the hind limbs
The pelvic girdle consists of two identical halves fused at
The ventral side at a region called the pubic sumphysis -
Each half consists of a dorsal bone called ilium which is attached at
Anteriorly and ventrally to a bone called pubis -
Posterioly and ventrally to a bone called ischium -
?NB) At the position of attachment of ilium and ischium bones there is a deep depression called acetabulumWHY
Into which the head of the thigh bone fits forming an articulation joint –
:Each hind limb consists of
a- Thigh bone
Which is supported by a bone called femur
B- Shank = shaft
Supported by 2 bones -
an inner tibia
an outer fibula
At the lower end of the femu -
– There are two processes that articulate with the shank at the knee joint.
-In front of the knee jointthere is a small bone called the patella
c- The Ankel
Consists of 7 bones called tarsals and the largest of which is that at the back which forms the heel
d-The foot
vIt is supported by 5 bones called metatarsals which are long and thin.
vEnd with 5 toes each is supported by 3 phalanges except the big toe, which is supported by 2 phalanges only.
هنا جلال المدير
عدد المساهمات : 24470 نقاط : 64474 السٌّمعَة : 8 تاريخ التسجيل : 18/12/2012
موضوع: رد: احياء لغات The Skeletal System in Man للصف الثالث الثانوى 2016 الجمعة نوفمبر 20, 2015 5:19 pm
احياء لغات The Skeletal System in Man للصف الثالث الثانوى 2016
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موضوع: احياء لغات The Skeletal System in Man للصف الثالث الثانوى 2016 
